Paris, France

Since the seventeenth century, Paris has been one of the world's main centers of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and arts. The City of Paris is the center and seat of authorities of the vicinity and province of Île-de-France, or Paris Region, with an estimated populace of 12,997,058 in 2020, or about 18 percentage of the populace of France, making it in 2020 the greatest metropolitan region in Europe, and 14th biggest in the world in 2015. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion ($808 billion) in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was once the 2d most luxurious metropolis in the world, after Singapore and beforehand of Zürich, Hong Kong, Oslo, and Geneva. Another supply ranked Paris as most expensive, on par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018.

Paris is a primary railway, highway, and air-transport hub served with the aid of two global airports: Paris–Charles de Gaulle (the second-busiest airport in Europe) and Paris–Orly.  Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily; it is the second-busiest metro machine in Europe after the Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th-busiest railway station in the world, however the busiest positioned backyard Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.  Paris is particularly acknowledged for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre obtained 2.8 million site visitors in 2021, notwithstanding the lengthy museum closings triggered via the COVID-19 virus. The Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet and Musée de l'Orangerie are cited for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the biggest series of present day and modern-day artwork in Europe. The Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso show off the works of two stated Parisians. The historic district alongside the Seine in the town centre has been categorised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site given that 1991; famous landmarks there encompass the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire. Other famous vacationer web sites consist of the Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, additionally on the Île de la Cité; the Eiffel Tower, developed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889; the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900; the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-Élysées, and the hill of Montmartre with its creative records and its Basilica of Sacré-Coeur.

Paris acquired 12.6 million site visitors in 2020, measured through lodge stays, a drop of seventy three percentage from 2019, due to the COVID-19 virus. The variety of overseas site visitors declined by using 80.7 percent. Museums re-opened in 2021, with obstacles on the quantity of site visitors at a time and a requirement that traffic put on masks.

The soccer membership Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union membership Stade Français are based totally in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, constructed for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is placed simply north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis event on the crimson clay of Roland Garros. The metropolis hosted the Olympic Games in 1900, 1924 and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, as nicely as the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships had been additionally held in the city. Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris.

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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

 

Bounded by way of the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil used to be inhabited by means of several tribal international locations prior to the touchdown in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the vicinity for the Portuguese Empire. In the first centuries of Colonial Brazil, the Indigenous Tupi language and the universal languages derived from it had been the major varieties of conversation of the whole colonial system, overcoming even the hegemony of the Portuguese language, contributing to the toponymy of the Brazilian territory, in Brazilian way of life and vocabulary. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony till 1808 when the capital of the empire used to be transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was once improved to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was once completed in 1822 with the introduction of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary kingdom ruled below a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratification of the first charter in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now known as the National Congress. The United States of America grew to be a presidential republic in 1889 following a navy coup d'état. An authoritarian army junta got here to energy in 1964 and dominated till 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's present day constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its wealthy way of life and history, the us of a ranks thirteenth in the world via variety of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Brazil is a regional and center power, and an rising power. Brazil is categorized as an upper-middle earnings economic system by means of the World Bank and a newly industrialized country, with the biggest share of international wealth in South America. It is viewed an superior rising economy, having the twelfth biggest GDP in the world through nominal, and eighth through PPP measures. It is one of the world's important breadbaskets, being the greatest producer of espresso for the remaining one hundred fifty years. Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

Brazil has a shoreline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). It borders all different nations in South America barring Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin consists of a extensive tropical forest, domestic to numerous wildlife, a range of ecological systems,  and significant herbal sources spanning several blanketed habitats. This special environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the problem of great world interest, as environmental degradation thru procedures like deforestation has direct influences on world problems like local weather trade and biodiversity loss.

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London, England

London is the capital and biggest metropolis of England and the United Kingdom. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a fundamental contract for two millennia. The City of London, its historical core and monetary center, used to be based by way of the Romans as Londinium and retains boundaries shut to its medieval ones. Since the nineteenth century, "London" has additionally referred to the town round this core, traditionally break up between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which generally consists of Greater London, ruled through the Greater London Authority. The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries held the countrywide authorities and parliament.

London, as one of the world's world cities, exerts robust affect on its arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, fitness care, media, tourism, and communications, and has occasionally been known as the capital of the world. Its GDP (€801.66 billion in 2017) makes it the largest city financial system in Europe, and it is one of the foremost economic centers in the world. In 2019 it had the second-highest wide variety of extremely high-net-worth humans in Europe after Paris and the second-highest variety of billionaires of any town in Europe after Moscow. With Europe's biggest attention of greater schooling institutions, it consists of Imperial College London in herbal and utilized sciences, the London School of Economics in social sciences, and the complete University College London. The metropolis is domestic to the most 5-star inns of any metropolis in the world. In 2012, London grew to be the first town to host three Summer Olympic Games.

London's numerous cultures embody over 300 languages. The mid-2018 populace of Greater London of about 9 million made it Europe's third-most populous city, accounting for 13.4% of the populace of the United Kingdom. Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, after Istanbul, Moscow and Paris, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census. The London metropolitan place is the third-most populous in Europe after Istanbul's and Moscow's, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016, granting London the fame of a megacity.

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